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VFB | ||||||||||||||||||
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VFBs | Lithium-ion battery | Fuel cell | |||||
Lifespan | > 20,000 cycles (25+ years) | 1,000 – 6,000 cycles (2 - 6 years) | > 40,000 hours (10+ years) | ||||
Fire & explosion risk | |||||||
Scalability | Higher (more liquid, more capacity) | Lower (require an entirely separate unit) | Lower (require an entirely separate unit) | ||||
Very low self-discharge rate & degradation | |||||||
Reusable electrolyte | |||||||
Roundtrip efficiency | 70% - 80% | 80% - 95% | 30% - 40% | ||||
Long duration | |||||||
High density but short lifespan | |||||||
Very low levelised cost of storage | |||||||
External fuel source required |